History: Established as a headquarters element of PHS by PHSReorganization Order No. 1, December 30, 1943, implementingPublic Health Service Act (57 Stat. 587), November 11, 1943.Administered PHS hospitals, clinics, and outpatient facilities;and administered quarantine laws. Consisted initially of HospitalDivision (See 90.7.1), Mental Hygiene Division, ForeignQuarantine Division, and Office of Nursing (See 90.6.2). FederalEmployee Health Division established in Bureau of MedicalServices, January 1, 1947, pursuant to an act of August 8, 1946(60 Stat. 903), to provide advice and personnel to assist federalagencies in developing and implementing employee health careprograms. Division of Health Facilities Construction establishedin Bureau of Medical Services, 1947. In PHS reorganization of1949, Hospital Division redesignated Division of Hospitals,absorbing Federal Employee Health Division; Divisions of DentalResources, Medical and Hospital Resources, and Nursing Resources(See 90.7.2) established in Bureau of Medical Services; MentalHygiene Division separated from Bureau of Medical Services asNational Institute of Mental Health; and Division of HospitalFacilities transferred from Bureau of State Services. Division ofHospital and Medical Resources abolished, June 1953. Division ofIndian Health established in Bureau of Medical Services toadminister responsibility, acquired from Bureau of IndianAffairs, July 1, 1955, for providing medical services to Indiansand Alaska Natives. Division of Health Facilities Constructionand Division of Hospital Facilities consolidated as Division ofHospital and Medical Facilities, 1955. Divisions of NursingResources and Dental Resources superseded by Divisions of Nursingand Dental Public Health and Resources, Bureau of State Services,September 1960. Federal Employee Health Program, Division ofHospitals, elevated to division status, 1966. Abolished by HEWreorganization order, June 29, 1967, pursuant to ReorganizationPlan No. 3 of 1966, effective June 25, 1966, with functions tonewly established Bureau of Health Services. See RG 512.
Textual Records: Annual reports of PHS hospitals, 1957-63.Monthly dental reports, 1957-59. Statistics on medical care inPHS facilities, 1949-57. Records relating to the NationalLeprosarium, Carville, LA, 1945-66.
Facilities and Services of Psychiatric Hospitals in England and Wales 1969 (Statistical Report)
In the study countries, abortion services are permitted only in public hospitals and in private facilities that meet certain requirements. In England and Wales, about half of abortions are performed in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals, and half in approved private facilities. Two nonprofit agencies, Marie Stopes International and British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS), provide almost all abortions outside of NHS facilities.
Both public hospitals and private facilities in England and Wales were relatively slow in adopting early medical abortion. By 2000, only 46% of NHS hospitals that provided early abortions offered mifepristone.30 Hospitals did not adopt the method more quickly because of the need for more bed space for women receiving the prostaglandin, a lack of trained staff, the low priority given to abortion services and the small abortion caseload in many hospitals.31 Nevertheless, because many hospitals with large abortion caseloads offered mifepristone, 40% of eligible abortions in NHS hospitals used the drug.32
Because medical abortions are restricted to the first few weeks of pregnancy, delay in accessing services will reduce the number of women eligible for the method. Swedish women who undergo abortion counseling often are given a few days to evaluate the information they have received. But Swedish law mandates that abortion be provided without unnecessary delay, and informal waiting periods seldom impact access to medical abortion.44French law requires a seven-day waiting period before a woman can obtain a surgical or medical abortion. Crowded public facilities in some areas can further delay access for French women.45No waiting period is mandated in England and Wales, but waiting lists at NHS hospitals, which sometimes cause women to wait for more than three weeks, may eliminate medical abortion as an option for women, particularly if they lack access to a non-NHS provider.
Health insurance coverage varies more in Great Britain than in the other countries. In 2000, NHS paid for 98% of all abortions in Scotland, but for 75% of all abortions in England and Wales.54 In Great Britain, services are free at NHS facilities and, for some clients, at nonprofit clinics under contract with NHS. Regional health authorities are responsible for allocating health service funds, and in some areas of England and Wales, abortion services have low priority. Long waiting lists at some NHS hospitals lead many women in England and Wales to turn to non-NHS facilities for abortion services. Though many procedures in non-NHS facilities are paid for by the state health system, approximately 50% of women obtaining abortions at these facilities (and 25% of all women obtaining abortions) pay for the services themselves because NHS-funded services are unavailable or inconvenient.55 For these women, price may affect the choice of method. BPAS clinics charge approximately $378 for medical or surgical abortion, while clinics run by Marie Stopes charge $499 for medical abortion and $463 for surgical abortion.
As a historically male-focused institution, correctional facilities often fail to address the needs of incarcerated women. These needs include appropriate medical and psychiatric health care (such as reproductive health care, gender-specific substance abuse treatment, and counseling for histories of abuse), family services, appropriate bathroom and recreational facilities [6, 7], and protection against sexual victimization while incarcerated [8].
This research explores the feasibility of projecting demand forpsychiatric services in the Waikato Region of New Zealand, using Geographic InformationSystems. The latter allow the integration of demographic and spatial data, enabling mentalhealth planners to examine geographical patterns of potential demand, and plan thedistribution of psychiatric facilities more efficiently.
The spatial analysis of psychiatric phenomena has been the subjectof research by planners and scientists for a long time. In early days, the focus of thatattention was on the 'ecological' associations between mental illness and geographicalspace (Faris and Dunham, 1939). In the 1960s the interest shifted towards mental healthreforms, especially in the United States. This was prompted largely by the publication in1961 of an historic US Congressional document entitled 'Action for Mental Health', whichrecommended reducing the number of large psychiatric hospitals in favour of smallercommunity-based facilities. The recommendations were subsequently written into the 1963Community Mental Health Centers Act (Mechanic, 1969). 2ff7e9595c
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